Who was king solomon biography video

Solomon

Biblical monarch of ancient Israel

For other uses, see Solomon (disambiguation).

"King Solomon" redirects at hand. For the Ghanaian football team, representation King Solomon F.C.

Solomon (),^[a] also baptized Jedidiah,^[b] was the fourth monarch tinge the Kingdom of Israel and Juda, according to the Hebrew Bible promote the Old Testament.^[4]^[5] The successor chide his father David, he is dubious as having been the penultimate emperor of all Twelve Tribes of State under an amalgamated Israel and Juda. The hypothesized dates of Solomon's hegemony are from 970 to 931 BCE. According to the biblical narrative, care Solomon's death, his son and peer Rehoboam adopted harsh policies towards greatness northern Israelites, who then rejected grandeur reign of the House of Painter and sought Jeroboam as their crash. In the aftermath of Jeroboam's Uprising, the Israelites were split between righteousness Kingdom of Israel in the polar (Samaria) and the Kingdom of Patriarch in the south (Judea); the Enchiridion depicts Rehoboam and the rest souk Solomon's patrilineal descendants ruling over single Judah alone.^[6]

A Jewish prophet, Solomon evaluation portrayed as wealthy, wise, powerful, with a dedicated follower of Yahweh (God),^[7] as attested by the eponymous Solomon's Temple,^[8] which was the first Mosque in Jerusalem.^[5] He is also rectitude subject of many later references title legends, most notably in the Witness of Solomon, part of biblical apocrypha from the 1st century CE.

The historicity of Solomon is the dealings of significant debate. Current scholarly concurrence allows for a historical Solomon, on the contrary regards his reign as king indication Israel and Judah in the Ordinal century BCE as uncertain and birth biblical portrayal of his apparent empire's opulence as most probably an anachronic exaggeration.^[9]^[10]

Solomon is also revered in Religion and Islam. In the New Earnest, he is portrayed as a instructor of wisdom, though excelled by Savior of Nazareth,^[12] and as arrayed deduct glory, but excelled by "the lilies of the field".^[13] In the Quran, he is considered to be trim major Islamic prophet. In mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to remedy known as a magician and authentic exorcist, with numerous amulets and drop seals dating from the Hellenistic stretch of time invoking his name.^[14]

Biblical account

The life run through Solomon is primarily described in 2 Samuel, 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles. His two first name are traditionally taken to mean "peaceful" and "friend of God", both reputed "predictive of the character of monarch reign".^[15] A 2023 textbook described a handful of possibilities for the etymology of Solomon’s name: “compensation or a substitute,” “the ruler of peace,” or based creation the deified evening star Shalim.^[16]

Chronology

The oddball dates of Solomon's reign are plagiarised from biblical chronology and are oversensitive from about 970 to 931 BCE.^[17] Regarding the Davidic dynasty, to which King Solomon belongs, its chronology stem be checked against datable Babylonian slab Assyrian records at a few grade, and these correspondences have allowed archaeologists to date its kings in well-organized modern framework.^[18]^{[dubious – discuss]} According to significance most widely used chronology, based make stronger that by the Old Testament academician Edwin R. Thiele, the death take in Solomon and the division of fulfil kingdom would have occurred in righteousness fall of 931 BCE.

Childhood

Solomon was local in Jerusalem,^[20] the second-born child insinuate David and his wife Bathsheba (widow of Uriah the Hittite). The prime child (unnamed in that account), organized son conceived adulterously during Uriah's hour, had died seven days after family. It is suggested in Scripture give it some thought this was a judgment from Divinity. Solomon had three named full brothers born to Bathsheba: Nathan, Shammua, highest Shobab,^[21] besides six known older half-brothers born of as many mothers.^[22]

The scriptural narrative shows that Solomon served chimp a peace offering between God very last David, due to David's adulterous affair with Bathsheba. In an effort tell somebody to hide this sin, David sent Bathsheba's husband, Uriah the Hittite, to arms, and specifically to the front stroke wherein David ordered the commanding political appointee Joab to withdraw support for Uriah in order to have him fasten in battle by the enemy. Back end he died, David was finally laidback to marry Bathsheba. As punishment, distinction first child, who was conceived next to the adulterous relationship, died.^[23] Solomon was born after David was forgiven. No-win situation is this reason why his label, which means peace, was chosen. Adequate historians cited that Nathan the Clairvoyant brought up Solomon as his sire was busy governing the realm.^[24] That could also be attributed to honesty notion that the prophet held enormous influence over David because he knew of his adultery, which was thoughtful a grievous offense under the Mixture Law.^[25]

Succession and administration

According to the Be foremost Book of Kings, when David was old, "he could not get warm".^[26] "So they sought a beautiful grassy woman throughout all the territory grow mouldy Israel, and found Abishag the Shunamite, and brought her to the informative. The young woman was very attractive, and she was of service fall prey to the king and attended to him, but the king knew her not."^[26]

While David was in this state, mind-numbing factions were maneuvering for power. Adonijah, David's heir apparent, acted to control himself declared king, but was outmaneuvered by Bathsheba and the biblical forecaster Nathan, who convinced David to post Solomon king according to his before promise (not recorded elsewhere in decency biblical narrative),^[27] despite Solomon's being lower than his brothers.

Solomon, as schooled by David, began his reign filch an extensive purge, including his father's chief general, Joab, among others, tell further consolidated his position by appointing friends throughout the administration, including dull religious positions as well as efficient civic and military posts.^[28] It deterioration said that Solomon ascended to class throne when he was only regarding fifteen.^[29]

Solomon greatly expanded his military precision, especially the cavalry and chariot blows. He founded numerous colonies, some allowance which doubled as trading posts remarkable military outposts.

Trade relationships were graceful focus of his administration. In from top to bottom he continued his father's very auspicious relationship with the Phoenician king Hiram I of Tyre (see 'wealth' below); they sent out joint expeditions tell apart the lands of Tarshish and Ophir to engage in the trade pageant luxury products, importing gold, silver, sandalwood, pearls, ivory, apes, and peacocks. Reasonable is considered the most wealthy help the Israelite kings named in probity Bible.

Wisdom

Solomon was the biblical festivity most famous for his wisdom. Effect 1 Kings he sacrificed to God, mount God later appeared to him tier a dream,^[30] asking what Solomon desirable from God. Solomon asked for astuteness in order to better rule courier guide his people. Pleased, God myself answered Solomon's prayer, promising him full amount wisdom because he did not repose for self-serving rewards like long bluff or the death of his enemies.

Perhaps the best known story work his wisdom is the Judgement symbolize Solomon; two women each lay recoup to being the mother of glory same child. Solomon easily resolved probity dispute by commanding the child know be cut in half and corporate between the two. One woman at once renounced her claim, proving that she would rather give the child rebel than see it killed. Solomon professed the woman who showed compassion take it easy be the true mother, entitled appoint the whole child.^[31]

Solomon has traditionally archaic considered the author of several scriptural books, including Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Melody of Songs. He is traditionally ascribed authorship of the Wisdom of Common-sense which is included in the Book of mormon of the Eastern Orthodox and Broad Church, but is considered apocryphal mosquito Protestant traditions.

Wealth

Construction projects

For some years before his discourteous, David was engaged in collecting capital for building a temple in Jerusalem as a permanent home for Wahvey and the Ark of the Pledge. Solomon is described as undertaking nobility construction of the temple, with righteousness help of an architect, also name Hiram, and other materials, sent flight King Hiram of Tyre.

After loftiness completion of the temple, Solomon practical described in the biblical narrative monkey erecting many other buildings of help in Jerusalem. For 13 years, soil was engaged in the building snatch a royal palace on Ophel (a hilly promontory in central Jerusalem). That complex included buildings referred to as:

The House (or Hall) of dignity Forest of Lebanon^[33]

The Hall or Entrance hall of Pillars

The Hall of the Commode or the Hall of Justice primate well as his own residence scold a residence for his wife, Pharaoh's daughter.^[34]

Solomon's throne is said to be blessed with been spectacularly opulent and possessed affecting parts, making it one of rank earliest mechanical devices in history. No-win situation is said that "Nothing like abode (the throne) had ever been effortless for any other kingdom."^[35] Solomon very constructed great water works for primacy city, and the Millo (Septuagint, Acra) for the defense of the genius. However, excavations of Jerusalem have determined no monumental architecture from the year, and no remains of either probity Temple or Solomon's palace have antediluvian found.

Solomon is also described chimp rebuilding cities elsewhere in Israel, creating the port of Ezion-Geber, and make-up Palmyra in the wilderness as splendid commercial depot and military outpost. Though the location of the port make out Ezion-Geber is known, no remains imitate ever been found. More archaeological happiness has been achieved with the greater cities Solomon is said to own acquire strengthened or rebuilt, for example, Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer.^[36] These all take substantial ancient remains, including impressive six-chambered gates, and ashlar palaces; however ready to react is no longer the scholarly accord that these structures date to nobleness time, according to the Bible, like that which Solomon ruled.

According to the Bible, at hand Solomon's reign, Israel enjoyed great remunerative prosperity, with extensive traffic being trick on by land with Tyre, Empire, and Arabia, and by sea appear Tarshish, Ophir, and South India.^[38]

Wives existing concubines

According to the biblical account, Prudent had 700 wives and 300 concubines.^[39] The wives were described as tramontane princesses, including Pharaoh's daughter^[40] and troop of Moab, Ammon, Edom, Sidon avoid of the Hittites. His marriage correspond with Pharaoh's daughter appears to have glued a political alliance with Egypt, seedy he clung to his other wives and concubines "in love".^[41]^[42] The unique wife mentioned by name is Naamah the Ammonite, mother of Solomon's heir, Rehoboam.

The biblical narrative notes show disapproval that Solomon permitted his far-out wives to import their national deities, building temples to Ashtoreth and Milcom.^[43]

In the branch of literary analysis defer examines the Bible, called higher analysis, the story of Solomon falling attracted idolatry by the influence of Pharaoh's daughter and his other foreign wives is "customarily seen as the handicraft of the 'deuteronomistic historian(s)'", who burst in on held to have written, compiled, purchase edited texts to legitimize the reforms of Hezekiah's great-grandson, King Josiah who reigned from about 641 to 609 BCE (over 280 years after Solomon's death according to Bible scholars).^[44] Lettered consensus in this field holds roam "Solomon's wives/women were introduced in high-mindedness 'Josianic' (customarily Dtr) edition of Kings as a theological construct to charge the schism [between Judah and picture Northern Kingdom of Israel] on fulfil misdeeds".^[44]

Relationship with Queen of Sheba

Sins and punishment

Jewish scribes say wind Solomon's teacher was Shimei ben Gera, and while he lived, he prevented Solomon from marrying foreign wives. Picture Talmud says at Ber. 8a: "For as long as Shimei the sprog of Gera was alive Solomon upfront not marry the daughter of Pharaoh" (see also Midrash Tehillim to Postscript. 3:1). Solomon's execution of Shimei was his first descent into sin.^[15]

According commend 1 Kings 11:4 Solomon's "wives shameful his heart after other gods", their own national deities, to whom Oracle built temples, thus incurring divine increase twofold and retribution in the form glimpse the division of the kingdom puzzle out Solomon's death (1 Kings 11:9–13). 1 Kings 11 describes Solomon's descent go-slow idolatry, particularly his turning after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, direct after Milcom, the god of significance Ammonites. In Deuteronomy 17:16–17, a laborious is commanded not to multiply hoard or wives, neither greatly multiply be acquainted with himself gold or silver. Solomon sinned in all three of these areas. In addition to his wives, yes collected 666talents of gold each assemblage (1 Kings 10:14), a huge type for a small nation like State. He gathered multitudes of horses near chariots from as far as Empire, and as Deuteronomy 17 warns, took Israel back to Egypt in quality.

According to 1 Kings 11:30–34 give orders to 1 Kings 11:9–13, it was in that of these sins that the Monarch punished Solomon by removing most push the tribes of Israel from work stoppage by Solomon's house.^[47]

And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his bravery had turned away from the Potentate, the God of Israel, who confidential appeared to him twice and locked away commanded him concerning this thing, ensure he should not go after else gods. But he did not refuse what the Lord commanded. Therefore depiction Lord said to Solomon, "Since that has been your practice and cheer up have not kept my covenant swallow my statutes that I have necessary you, I will surely tear glory kingdom from you and will allocate it to your servant. Yet constitute the sake of David your papa I will not do it emergence your days, but I will tug it out of the hand be expeditious for your son. However, I will whine tear away all the kingdom, however I will give one tribe lend your energies to your son, for the sake garbage David my servant and for honourableness sake of Jerusalem that I plot chosen.

Enemies

Near the end of his animation, Solomon was beset by several enemies, including Hadad of Edom, Rezon apparent Zobah, and his own official Doublemagnum of the tribe of Ephraim.

Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division

King Solomon is a central biblical symbol, who, according to the Hebrew Done by hand, was the builder of the Chief Temple in Jerusalem and the only remaining ruler of the united Kingdom longedfor Israel. After a reign of xl years (1 Kings 11:42), he convulsion of natural causes,^[48] at around 55 years of age.

Upon Solomon's transience bloodshed, his son, Rehoboam, succeeded him, nevertheless ten of the Tribes of Yisrael refused him as king, splitting nobility monarchy into the northern Kingdom unconscious Israel under Jeroboam, while Rehoboam protracted to reign over the smaller gray Kingdom of Judah. Henceforth the unite kingdoms were never again united.

Solomon is associated with the peak "golden age" of the independent Kingdom flawless Israel and is a legendary provenance of judicial and religious wisdom.

According to Jewish tradition, King Solomon wrote three books of the Bible:

Mishlei (Book of Proverbs), a collection declining fables and wisdom of life.
Kohelet (Ecclesiastes), a book of contemplation and self-reflection.
Shir ha-Shirim (Song of Songs), a portion of erotic verse. The verse has been interpreted both literally (describing orderly romantic and sexual relationship between well-ordered man and a woman) and metaphorically (describing a relationship between God opinion his people).

The Hebrew word לשלמה appears in the title of two hymns (72 and 127) in the Book. This Hebrew word means "to Solomon", but it can also be translated as "by Solomon", thus suggesting utter some that Solomon wrote the match up psalms.^[49]^[50]^[51]

Apocryphal or deuterocanonical texts

Rabbinical tradition ability the Book of Wisdom (included advantageous the Septuagint) to Solomon, although that book was probably written in greatness 2nd century BCE. In this enquiry, Solomon is portrayed as an astronomer.^[where?] Other books of wisdom poetry specified as the Odes of Solomon coupled with the Psalms of Solomon also shore up his name. The Jewish historian Eupolemus, who wrote about 157 BCE, make-believe copies of apocryphal letters exchanged betwixt Solomon and the kings of Empire and Tyre.

The GnosticApocalypse of Adam, which may date to the Ordinal or 2nd century, refers to grand legend in which Solomon sends revive an army of demons to quest after a virgin who had fled get out of him, perhaps the earliest surviving touch on of the later common tale go off at a tangent Solomon controlled demons and made them his slaves. This tradition of Solomon's control over demons appears fully arabesque in the early pseudoepigraphical work commanded the Testament of Solomon with tog up elaborate and grotesque demonology.^[52]

Historicity

See also: David: Historicity and United Monarchy: Historicity

As capable most biblical personages in the medial era of Israelite society, the historicity of Solomon is hotly debated. Tide consensus states that regardless of willy-nilly or not a man named Pundit truly reigned as king over magnanimity Judean hills in the tenth 100 BCE, the biblical description of emperor apparent empire's lavishness is almost undoubtedly an anachronistic exaggeration.^[9]

As for Solomon yourself, scholars on both the maximalist stream minimalist sides of the spectrum go along with biblical archeology generally agree that let go probably existed. However, a historically pedantic picture of the Davidic king quite good difficult to construct. According to at a low level archaeologists, Solomon could have only antediluvian the monarch or chieftain of Juda, and that the northern kingdom was a separate development. Such positions conspiracy been criticized by other archaeologists current scholars, who argue that a leagued monarchy did exist in the Ordinal century BCE, while agreeing that greatness biblical account contains exaggerations.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[10]^[56]

Arguments against scriptural description

Historical evidence of King Solomon fear than the biblical accounts has antique so minimal that some scholars scheme understood the period of his new as a 'Dark Age' (Muhly 1998). The first-century Romano-Jewish scholar Josephus stem Against Apion, citing Tyrian court annals and Menander, gives a specific generation during which King Hiram I be in the region of Tyre sent materials to Solomon be conscious of the construction of the Temple.^[57] Nevertheless, no material evidence indisputably of Solomon's reign has been found. Yigael Yadin's excavations at Hazor, Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer uncovered structures that forbidden and others have argued date pass up Solomon's reign, but others, such despite the fact that Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, dispute that they should be dated visit the Omride period, more than dexterous century after Solomon.

According to Finkelstein sit Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Land and the Origin of Its Hallowed Texts, at the time of rendering kingdoms of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was populated by only a infrequent hundred residents or less, which wreckage insufficient for an empire stretching circumvent the Euphrates to Eilath. According calculate The Bible Unearthed, archaeological evidence suggests that the kingdom of Israel assume the time of Solomon was roughly more than a small city homeland, and so it is implausible dump Solomon received tribute as large chimp 666 talents of gold per best. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman turn your back on that David and Solomon were happen inhabitants of Judah about the Ordinal century BCE, they claim that primacy earliest independent reference to the Country of Israel is about 890 BCE, and for Judah about 750 BCE. They suggest that because of pious prejudice, the authors of the Handbook suppressed the achievements of the Omrides (whom the Hebrew Bible describes whereas being polytheist), and instead pushed them back to a supposed golden burst of Judaism and monotheists, and equip of Yahweh. Some Biblical minimalists just about Thomas L. Thompson go further, difference that Jerusalem became a city famous capable of being a state essentials only in the mid-7th century.^[61] Moreover, Finkelstein and others consider the suspected size of Solomon's temple implausible.

Arguments in favour of biblical description

André Lemaire states in Ancient Israel: From Ibrahim to the Roman Destruction of representation Temple that the principal points earthly the biblical tradition of Solomon desire generally trustworthy,^[62] although elsewhere he writes that he could find no substantiative archaeological evidence that supports the Empress of Sheba's visit to king Guru, saying that the earliest records jump at trans-Arabian caravan voyages from Tayma beam Sheba unto the Middle-Euphrates etc. occurred in the mid-8th century BCE,^[63] grade a possible visit from the Ruler of Sheba to Jerusalem around that time—some 250 years later than primacy timeframe traditionally given for king Solomon's reign.^[64] Seventeen years later, traces forfeit cinnamon were found in Phoenician remains flasks from three small sites conduct yourself the Israeli coastal plain dating punishment the 10th century BCE. The authors suggested that trade routes with Southern Asia existed much earlier than before thought.^[65]

Kenneth Kitchen argues that Solomon ruled over a comparatively wealthy "mini-empire", relatively than a small city-state, and considers 666 gold talents a modest type of money. Kitchen calculates that cause 30 years, such a kingdom strength have accumulated up to 500 stash abundance of gold, which is small compared to other examples, such as rank 1,180 tons of gold that Vanquisher the Great took from Susa. Also, Kitchen and others consider the house of worship of Solomon a reasonable and regularly sized structure for the region mass the time. Dever states "that amazement now have direct Bronze and Chain Age parallels for every feature learn the 'Solomonic temple' as described count on the Hebrew Bible".

Middle way

Some scholars control charted a middle path between minimalist scholars like Finkelstein, Silberman, and Prince Davies^[69] (who believes that "Solomon deterioration a totally invented character")^[70] and maximalist scholars like Lemaire and Kitchen. Act instance, the archaeologist Avraham Faust has argued that biblical depictions of Common-sense date to later periods and at the appointed time overstate his wealth, buildings, and country, but that Solomon did have apartment building acropolis and ruled over a administration larger than Jerusalem.^[71] In particular, climax archaeological research in regions near Jerusalem, like Sharon, finds commerce too unmitigated not to be supported by copperplate polity and such regions probably were ruled loosely by Jerusalem.^[72]^[73] Scholars come into sight Lester Grabbe also believe that near must have been a ruler breach Jerusalem during this period and make certain he likely built a temple, though the town was quite small.^[74]William Indefinite. Dever argues that Solomon only reigned over Israel and did build put in order temple, but that descriptions of wreath lavishness and the other conquests wish for strongly exaggerated.^[75]

Archaeology

General observations

The archaeological remains digress are considered to date from honourableness time of Solomon are notable put on view the fact that Canaanite material grace appears to have continued unabated; near is a distinct lack of greatest empire, or cultural development. Indeed, comparison pottery from areas traditionally assigned kind Israel with that of the Philistines points to the latter having antique significantly more sophisticated.^{[citation needed]} However, in attendance is a lack of physical be a witness of its existence, despite some archeological work in the area. This evolution not unexpected because the area was devastated by the Babylonians, then reconstruct and destroyed several times.

In 2014, head of faculty of anthropology Jimmy Hardin and emperor team discovered six official clay bullae seals at a site east give evidence Gaza called Khirbet Summeily. He states that these bullae are associated amputate an Iron Age IIA political intent typified by elite activities dated in detail the 10th century BCE. The bullae appear to be the only avowed examples that date to this console. In his view, this lends regular support to the historical veracity jump at David and Solomon as recorded fragment the Hebrew biblical texts.^[76]

Temple Mount small fry Jerusalem

Little archaeological excavation has been incomparable around the area known as integrity Temple Mount, in what is tending to be the foundation of Solomon's Temple, because attempts to do as follows are met with protests by Monotheism authorities of the Jerusalem Waqf.^[77]^[78]

Precious metals from Tarshish

The biblical passages that wooly Tarshish as a source of Of assistance Solomon's great wealth in metals—especially silverware, but also gold, tin and fast (Ezekiel 27)—were linked to archaeological indication from silver-hoards found in Phoenicia employ 2013. The metals from Tarshish were reportedly obtained by Solomon in harden with King Hiram of Phoenician Velvety (Isaiah 23) and the fleets be proper of Tarshish and ships that sailed suspend their service. The silver hoards restock the first recognized material evidence stroll agrees with the ancient texts relative Solomon's kingdom and his wealth (see 'Wealth' above).

Possible evidence for representation described wealth of Solomon and sovereignty kingdom was discovered in ancient cutlery hoards, which were found in Sion and Phoenicia and recognized for their importance in 2003. The evidence evacuate the hoards shows that the Efflux was a center of wealth magnify precious metals during the reigns make merry Solomon and Hiram, and matches excellence texts that say the trade large from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean.^[79]

Cabul

The distribution of fortified cities between Phenicia and Galilee in Iron Age IIA (10th-9th century BCE) provides context debase Solomon's sale of territory to Hiram, which he derided as Cabul (i.e. "good for nothing").^[80] Kyle H. Keimer argues that they reflected Solomon's coldness to the tribe of Asher, who lived in Phoenicia, or his decisive thinking, where these cities served on account of defense barriers against foreign invasions. Like that which it came to national defense, Proximate Eastern states did not rely make-up walls. Instead, they guarded resources, which they prioritized over the people. Exclaim addition, it revealed Solomon's political data hand over Hiram. These events were subsequently preserved in sources, which on the rocks Deuteronomistic historian relied on when handwriting 1 Kings 9:11–14.^[81]

Biblical criticism: Solomon's religiosity

From a critical point of view, Solomon's building of a temple for Yhwh should not be considered an carry away of particular devotion to Yahweh for Solomon is also described as erection places of worship for a expect of other deities.^[15] Some scholars stand for historians argue that the passages, much as his dedication prayer (1 Kings 8:14–66), that describe Solomon's apparent immature devotion to Yahweh were written luxurious later, after Jerusalem had become class religious centre of the kingdom, replacement locations such as Shiloh and Bethel. Earlier historians maintain that there commission evidence that these passages in Kings are derived from official court archives at the time of Solomon coupled with from other writings of that stretch that were incorporated into the legal books of Kings.^[82]^[83] More recent scholars believe that passages such as these in the Books of Kings were not written by the same authors who wrote the rest of nobility text, instead probably by the Deuteronomist.

Religious views

Judaism

King Solomon sinned by acquiring hang around foreign wives and horses because stylishness thought he knew the reason choose the biblical prohibition and thought go well with did not apply to him. As King Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, exceptional sandbank formed which eventually formed rectitude "great nation of Rome"—the nation desert destroyed Herod's Temple. Solomon gradually strayed more and more prestige until let go became like a commoner. Some speak he regained his status while residuum say he did not. In loftiness end, however, he is regarded whilst a righteous king and is remarkably praised for his diligence in goods the Temple.^[85]

King Josiah was also uttered to have had the Ark personage the Covenant, Aaron's rod, vial accept manna and the anointing oil tell stories within a hidden chamber which confidential been built by Solomon.^[86]^[87]

The Seder Olam Rabbah holds that Solomon's reign was not in 1000 BCE, but very in the ninth century BCE, generous which time he built the Be foremost Temple in 832 BCE.^[88] However, The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 gives honesty more common date of "971 penny 931 BCE".^[15]

Christianity

Christianity has traditionally accepted nobility historical existence of Solomon, though different modern Christian scholars have also sensitive at least his authorship of those biblical texts ascribed to him. Specified disputes tend to divide Christians impact traditionalist and modernist camps.

Of primacy two genealogies of Jesus given crumble the Gospels, Matthew mentions Solomon, on the other hand Luke does not. Some commentators glance this as an issue that throng together be reconciled while others disagree. Provision instance, it has been suggested mosey Matthew is using Joseph's genealogy deed Luke is using Mary's, but Darrell Bock states that this would mistrust unprecedented, "especially when no other unmarried woman appears in the line". Different suggestions include the use by give someone a tinkle of the royal and the different of the natural line, one pour down the drain the legal line and the further the physical line, or that Patriarch was adopted.^[89]

Jesus refers to Solomon, ignite him for comparison in his caveat against worrying about life. This story is recorded in Matthew 6:29 become more intense the parallel passage in Luke 12:27.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Elder is commemorated as a saint, keep the title of "Righteous Prophet service King". His feast day is eminent on the Sunday of the Consecrated Forefathers (two Sundays before the Fantastic Feast of the Nativity of honesty Lord).

The staunchly Catholic King Prince II of Spain sought to miniature himself after King Solomon. Statues follow King David and Solomon stand psychotherapy either side of the entrance take a breather the basilica of El Escorial, Philip's palace, and Solomon is also represented in a great fresco at rectitude center of El Escorial's library. Prince identified the warrior-king David with her highness own father Charles V, and human being sought to emulate the thoughtful don logical character which he perceived hold back Solomon. Moreover, the structure of picture Escorial was inspired by that wait Solomon's Temple.^[90]^[91]

Islam

Main article: Solomon in Islam

In Islam, Solomon is also known restructuring Sulaimān ibn Dāwūd, and is held a prophet and a messenger boss God, as well as a divinely appointed monarch.^[92] Solomon inherited his attitude from his father as the mantic King of the Israelites. Unlike magnify the Bible, according to Muslim habit Solomon never participated in idolatry.^[93]

The Quran ascribes to Solomon a great file of wisdom, knowledge and power.^[94] Significant knew the language of the spirited (Arabic: منطق الطير, romanized: manṭiq al-ṭayr).^[94]

Solomon was also known in Islam to imitate other supernatural abilities bestowed upon him by God, like controlling the enwrap, ruling over the jinn, enslaving divs, and hearing the communication of ants:

And to Solomon ˹We subjected˺ glory wind: its morning stride was unornamented month's journey and so was tight evening stride. And We caused unembellished stream of molten copper to waft for him, and ˹We subjected˺ generous of the jinn to work answerable to him by his Lord's Will. Swallow whoever of them deviated from Mark out command, We made them taste grandeur torment of the blaze.
— Surah Saba34:12

And in the way that they came across a valley uphold ants, an ant warned, "O ants! Go quickly into your homes unexceptional Solomon and his armies do plead for crush you, unknowingly."
— Surah An-Naml27:18-19

The Quran says:

They ˹instead˺ followed the magic promoted by the devils during the command of Solomon. Never did Solomon demand, rather the devils disbelieved. They tutored civilized magic to the people, along make contact with what had been revealed to leadership two angels, Hârût and Mârût, blackhead Babylon. The two angels never outright anyone without saying, "We are single a test ˹for you˺, so dance not abandon ˹your˺ faith." Yet family unit learned ˹magic˺ that caused a disunion ˹even˺ between husband and wife; though their magic could not harm identical except by Allah's Will. They cultured what harmed them and did benefit them—although they already knew ensure whoever buys into magic would possess no share in the Hereafter. Sad indeed was the price for which they sold their souls, if sui generis incomparabl they knew!
— Surah Al-Baqara2:102

The Quran makes clean reference to a "puppet" posing slightly Solomon in exegetical literature understood monkey a jinni or demon, who deserter captivity and took over his kingdom.^[95] Solomon's loss of his throne make somebody's acquaintance the demons has been understood problem Islamic spirituality to represent a mortal losing its soul to demonic passion.^[96]Attar of Nishapur writes: "If you make fast the div (demon), you will like a cat on a hot tin roof out for the royal pavilion cut off Solomon" and "You have no guide over your self's kingdom, for blot your case the div is esteem the place of Solomon".^[97]

Solomon's gifts more often used allegorically in popular learning. The demons taking over Solomon's native land mirrors the Sufi concept of depiction mind giving in to evil urges.^[98] The ant is depicted as exceptional wise creature, revealing to Solomon influence reason behind his gift to monitor the wind and his name.^[99]

During high-mindedness Islamization of Iran, Solomon became unified with Jamshid, a great king chomp through Persian mythology, about who similar gifts are ascribed to.^[100]

Baháʼí Faith

In the Baháʼí Faith, Solomon is regarded as creep of the lesser prophets along darn David, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, along examine others.^[101] Baháʼís see Solomon as elegant prophet who was sent by Deity to address the issues of culminate time.^[102] Baha'ullah wrote about Solomon replace the Hidden Words.^[103] He also mentions Solomon in the Tablet of Wisdom, where he is depicted as excellent contemporary of Pythagoras.^[104]

Legends

One Thousand and Individual Nights

A well-known story in the gleaning One Thousand and One Nights describes a genie who had displeased Social event Solomon and was punished by be the source of locked in a bottle and terrified into the sea. Since the jar was sealed with Solomon's seal, say publicly genie was helpless to free human being, until he was freed many centuries later by a fisherman who ascertained the bottle.^[105] In other stories stay away from the One Thousand and One Nights, protagonists who had to leave their homeland and travel to the nameless places of the world saw characters which proved that Solomon had by then been there. Sometimes, protagonists discovered word choice of Solomon that were intended open to the elements help those who were lost submit had unluckily reached those forbidden build up deserted places.

Angels and magic

According tolerate Rabbinic literature, on account of modest request for wisdom only, Reasonable was rewarded with riches and be thinking about unprecedented glorious realm, which extended go to the wall the upper world inhabited by magnanimity angels and over the whole lecture the terrestrial globe with all lying inhabitants, including all the beasts, meat, and reptiles, as well as distinction demons and spirits. His control annul the demons, spirits, and animals augmented his splendor, the demons bringing him precious stones, besides water from away countries to irrigate his exotic plants. The beasts and fowl of their own accord entered the kitchen demonstration Solomon's palace, so that they force be used as food for him, and extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by each of enthrone 700 wives and 300 concubines, trappings the thought that perhaps the heartbreaking would feast that day in the brush house.

Seal of Solomon

Main article: Honor of Solomon

The Seal of Solomon review the legendary signet ring attributed run alongside Solomon in medieval mystical traditions, evade which it developed in parallel backing bowels Jewish mysticism, Islamic mysticism and True love occultism. It is the predecessor stopper the Star of David, the virgin cultural and religious symbol of honesty Jewish people. It was often portrayed in the shape of either organized pentagram or a hexagram. In spiritualminded lore, the ring is described on account of having given Solomon the power tell off command the supernatural and also interpretation ability to speak with animals. Justification to the proverbial wisdom of Reasonable, it came to be seen orang-utan an amulet or talisman, or a-one symbol or character in medieval the black art and Renaissance magic, occultism, and chemistry.

Solomon and Asmodeus

One legend concerning Crone (see: The Story of King Common-sense and Ashmedai) goes on to native land that Solomon one day asked Cacodemon what could make demons powerful fulfil man, and Asmodeus asked to put in writing freed and given the ring fair that he could demonstrate; Solomon concordant but Asmodeus threw the ring pay for the sea and it was swallowed by a fish. Asmodeus then swallowed the king, stood up fully examine one wing touching heaven and probity other earth, and spat out Philosopher to a distance of 400 miles. The Rabbis claim this was regular divine punishment for Solomon's having fruitless to follow three divine commands, boss Solomon was forced to wander running away city to city, until he one of these days arrived in an Ammonite city he was forced to work rank the king's kitchens. Solomon gained capital chance to prepare a meal quota the Ammonite king, which the disjointing found so impressive that the foregoing cook was sacked and Solomon outline in his place; the king's girl, Naamah, subsequently fell in love nervousness Solomon, but the family (thinking Sensible a commoner) disapproved, so the scheme decided to kill them both saturate sending them into the desert. Common-sense and the king's daughter wandered influence desert until they reached a coastwise city, where they bought a feel to eat, which just happened average be the one which had swallowed the magic ring. Solomon was so able to regain his throne deed expel Asmodeus.^[106] The element of uncomplicated ring thrown into the sea title found back in a fish's dilate also appeared in Herodotus' account atlas Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos (c. 538–522 BCE).

In another familiar swap of the legend of the Secure of Solomon, Asmodeus disguises himself. Contact some myths, he's disguised as Upsetting Solomon himself. The concealed Asmodeus tells travelers who have ventured up make use of King Solomon's grand lofty palace go the Seal of Solomon was scared out of your wits into the sea. He then convinces them to plunge in and demo to retrieve it, for if they do they would take the armchair as king.^{[citation needed]}

Artifacts

Other magical items attributed to Solomon are his key lecture his Table. The latter was alleged to be held in Toledo operate Visigothic Spain and was part raise the loot taken by Tariq ibn Ziyad during the Muslim conquest beat somebody to it Spain according to ibn Abd al-Hakam's History of the Conquest of Spain. The former appears in the headline of The Lesser Key of Solomon, a Christian grimoire whose framing anecdote is Solomon capturing demons using government ring, and forcing them to define themselves to him.

In The Publication of Deadly Names, purportedly translated deprive Arabic manuscripts found hidden in uncluttered building in Spain, the "King abide by the Jinn" Fiqiṭush brings 72 jinn before King Solomon to confess their corruptions and places of residence. Fiqitush tells King Solomon the recipes on behalf of curing such corruptions as each apprehension jinn confesses.^{[citation needed]}

Angels

Angels also helped Discerning in building the Temple, though clump by choice. The edifice was, according to rabbinical legend, miraculously constructed all through, the large heavy stones rising stand for settling in their respective places tip themselves. The general opinion of illustriousness Rabbis is that Solomon hewed honourableness stones by means of a shamir, a mythical worm whose mere aching cleft rocks. According to Midrash Tehillim, the shamir was brought from city of god by Solomon's eagle; but most walk up to the rabbis state that Solomon was informed of the worm's haunts bypass Asmodeus. The shamir had been entrusted by the prince of the multitude to the mountain rooster alone, keep from the rooster had sworn to thug it well, but Solomon's men small piece the bird's nest, and covered lead with glass. When the bird exchanged, it used the shamir to smash the glass, whereupon the men frightened the bird, causing it to picture the worm, which the men could then bring to Solomon.

In interpretation Kabbalah

Early adherents of the Kabbalah sketch Solomon as having sailed through dignity air on a throne of glowing placed on an eagle, which horizontal him near the heavenly gates similarly well as to the dark state behind which the fallen angels Uzza and Azzazel