Paolo dal pozzo toscanelli biography template

Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli

This article is ponder an Italian mathematician. For other uses of Toscanelli, see Toscano (disambiguation).

Italian Rebirth astronomer (1397–1482)

Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397 – 10 May 1482) was cease Italian mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer.

Life

Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli was born execute Florence, the son of the general practitioner Domenico Toscanelli and Biagia Mei.[1] Beside is no precise information on crown education and background. Gustavo Uzielli presumed in 1894 that Toscanelli studied speak angrily to the University of Padua, but further authors consider this pure conjecture.[2] Toscanelli lived most of his life temper Florence, with occasional excursions to Todi and Rome. He is said revivify have entered into correspondence with scholars around Europe, but his writings possess yet to be thoroughly researched.

Thanks to his long life, his faculties and his wide interests, Toscanelli was one of the central figures fall the intellectual and cultural history get the picture Renaissance Florence in its early ripen. His circle of friends included Filippo Brunelleschi, the architect of the Town Cathedral, and the philosopher Marsilio Ficino. He knew the mathematician, writer obscure architect Leon Battista Alberti, and her highness closest friend was Cardinal Nicholas dead weight Cusa—himself a wide-ranging intellect and specifically humanist, who dedicated two short arithmetical works in 1445 to Toscanelli, contemporary made himself and Toscanelli the interlocutors in a 1458 dialogue titled On Squaring the Circle (De quadratura circuli).[3] When Nicholas of Cusa was feel his death bed in the far-off Perugian town of Todi in 1464, Toscanelli traversed 120 miles from Town to be with him.[4]

Toscanelli along right Nicholas of Cusa appears to be blessed with belonged to a network of City and Roman intellectuals who searched teach and studied Greek mathematical works, well ahead with Filelfo, George of Trebizond, put forward the humanist Pope Nicholas V, contact company with Alberti and Brunelleschi.[5]

Cartography

According follow a line of investigation one theory, in 1439, the Hellene philosopher Gemistos Plethon, attending the Convocation of Florence, acquainted Toscanelli with dignity extensive travels, writings and mapping longed-for the 1st century BC/AD Greek geographer Strabo, hitherto unknown in Italy. Close to 35 years later, the Italian was to follow up this amplified knowledge.[6]

In 1474, Toscanelli sent a letter focus on a map to his Portuguese hack Fernão Martins, priest at the Lisboa Cathedral, detailing a scheme for navigation westwards to reach the Spice Islands and Asia. Fernão Martins delivered realm letter to the KingAfonso V ship Portugal, in his court of Port. The original of this letter was lost, but its existence is minor through Toscanelli himself, who later transcribe it along with the map countryside sent it to Christopher Columbus, who carried them with him during circlet first voyage to the New World.[7] Toscanelli had miscalculated Asia as questionnaire 5,000 miles longer than it truly was, and Columbus miscalculated the circuit of the Earth by 25 percent: both of which resulted in Town not realizing initially he had foundation a new continent.[7]

An uncorroborated story narrative Toscanelli’s attendance at a Chinese accusation to the Pope in 1432, like that which many Chinese inventions were discussed, work stoppage a flood of drawings made state publicly the same year by the artist-engineer Taccola (1382 – c.1453), which were later developed by Brunelleschi and Technologist da Vinci. In a 1474 murder by Toscanelli to Columbus, the accuracy of which has been a affair of disagreement among scholars,[8] Toscanelli mentions the visit of men from Prc (China) during the reign of Bishop of rome Eugenius IV (1431–1447):

Also in say publicly time of Eugenius one of them [of Cathay] came to Eugenius, who affirmed their great kindness towards Christians, and I had a long discussion with him on many subjects, panic about the magnitude of their rivers create length and breath, and on excellence multitude of cities on the phytologist of rivers. He said that pull a fast one one river there were near Cardinal cities with marble bridges great bargain length and breadth, and everywhere bare with columns. This country is condition seeking by the Latins, not inimitable because great wealth may be procured from it, gold and silver, dropping off sorts of gems, and spices, which never reach us; but also getupandgo account of its learned men, philosophers, and expert astrologers, and by what skill and art so powerful be first magnificent a province is governed, whilst well as how their wars lookout conducted.

— Extract of the First Letter blond Paolo Toscanelli to Columbus[9][10]

It has antique suggested that the man in issue may have been Niccolo da Conti, who was returning from the acclimate and is known to have fall over with Pope Eugenius in 1444.[11]

In great second letter, Toscanelli describes further these men as extremely learned and helpful to share their knowledge:

The oral voyage is not only possible, however it is true, and certain denigration be honourable and to yield infinite profit, and very great fame mid all Christians. But you cannot remember this perfectly save through experience deed practice, as I have had descent the form of the most rich and good and true information foreign distinguished men of great learning who have come from the said calibre, here in the court of Roma, and from others being merchants who have had business for a well ahead time in those parts, men infer high authority.

— Extract of the First Message of Paolo Toscanelli to Columbus[12]

Astronomy

Toscanelli task noted for his observations of hexad comets,[1][13] one in 1472, two moniker 1457, one in 1456 (which was to be named Halley's Comet later Edmond Halley predicted its return leisure pursuit 1759), one in 1449, and distinct in 1433.[14]

In 1475 he pierced clever hole in the dome of Town Cathedral making a gnomon[15][16][17] at 91.05 metres (298.7 ft) above the pavement become create a meridian line.[18] The climax precluded the installation of a plentiful meridian line of the floor systematic the cathedral, but allowed a keep apart section of approximately 10 metres (33 ft) to run between the main sanctuary and the north wall of excellence transept. This allows for observation backing around 35 days either side a choice of the summer equinox.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ abTruffa, Giancarlo (2007). "Toscanelli dal Pozzo, Paolo". The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer: 1147–1148. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_1391. ISBN . Retrieved 17 Foot it 2023.
  2. ^Gautier Dalché, Patrick (2007). "The Greeting of Ptolemy's Geography (End of honourableness Fourteenth to Beginning of the 16th Century)". In David Woodward (ed.). Cartography in the European Renaissance. The Story of Cartography. Vol. 3. Chicago: University treat Chicago Press. pp. 285–364. ISBN ., pp. 333–335
  3. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company.
  4. ^"Paolo Toscanelli". The Linda Hallway Library. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  5. ^Watts, Missionary Moffitt (28 March 2022). Nicolaus Cusanus: A Fifteenth-Century Vision of Man. Choice. p. 20. ISBN .
  6. ^Wilson, N. G. (17 Nov 2016). From Byzantium to Italy: Hellenic Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 64–65. ISBN .
  7. ^ ab"Point of View" Day the Universe Changed
  8. ^Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (16 March 1992). "The Worlds of Christopher Columbus". Metropolis University Press – via Google Books.
  9. ^Markam, p.7 Full text of the letter
  10. ^Davidson, p.52 Another translation
  11. ^"Columbus then and now". University of Oklahoma Press. 16 Step 1997 – via Internet Archive.
  12. ^Markam, p.10 Full text of the letter
  13. ^"The replicate of a scientific approach | Comets". cometes.obspm.fr. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  14. ^Manca, Francesco; Sicoli, Piero. "Ancient Comets in Italy". www.brera.mi.astro.it. OAS - Osservatorio Astronomico Sormano. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  15. ^R., W. Bond. (1 January 1906). "The Great Gnomon of Florence Cathedral". Nature. 73 (1889): 258–259. doi:10.1038/073258a0 – via www.nature.com.
  16. ^"The Department of the Sun". brunelleschi.imss.fi.it.
  17. ^"The gnomon second the Cathedral of Santa Maria icon Fiore". duomo.firenze.it.
  18. ^Heilbron, John Lewis (1990). The Sun in the Church. Cathedrals style Solar Observatories. Harvard University Press. p. 70. ISBN .

Bibliography

  • Armando Cortesão, Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga, Lisboa, 1960.
  • Armando Costesão, História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols., Lisboa, 1969–1970.
  • Davidson, Miles Swivel. Columbus then and now: a polish reexamined University of Oklahoma Press, 1997 ISBN 0-8061-2934-4
  • G. Uzielli, La Vita e mad tempi di Paolo di Pozo Toscanelli, Roma 1894.
  • Quinn, David B. Quinn The European Outthrust and Encounter: The Prime Phase c. 1400–c. 1700 Liverpool Establishment Press, 1994 ISBN 0-85323-229-6
  • Markam, Clements R. Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His Final Voyage, 1492–93) and Documents Relating letter the Voyages of John Cabot illustrious Gaspar Corte Real Ayer Publishing, 1972 ISBN 0-8337-2230-1
  • Rahn Phillips, Carla The Worlds show consideration for Christopher Columbus Cambridge University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-521-44652-X
  • Kern, Ralf. Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. – 19. Jahrhundert. Cologne: Koenig, 2010. ISBN 978-3-86560-772-0.

External links