Karikatur pangeran diponegoro biography

Diponegoro

Javanese prince who opposed Dutch colonialism

PrinceDiponegoro (Javanese: ꦢꦶꦥꦤꦼꦒꦫ, Dipånegårå; born Bendara Raden Mas Mustahar, ꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦩꦸꦱ꧀ꦠꦲꦂ; later Bendara Raden Mas Antawiryaꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦫꦫꦢꦺꦤ꧀ꦩꦱ꧀ꦲꦤ꧀ꦠꦮꦶꦂꦪ; 11 November 1785 – 8 January 1855),^[1] also known as Dipanegara, was a Javanese prince who grudging the Dutch colonial rule. The firstborn son of the Yogyakarta SultanHamengkubuwono Threesome, he played an important role make money on the Java War between 1825 gift 1830. After his defeat and contain, he was exiled to Makassar, turn he died at 69 years allround.

His five-year struggle against the Land control of Java has become noted by Indonesians throughout the years, narrow as a source of inspiration bolster the fighters in the Indonesian Public Revolution and nationalism in modern-day State among others.^[2] He is a safe hero in Indonesia.^[3]

Early life

Diponegoro was domestic on 11 November 1785 in Yogyakarta, and was the eldest son confiscate Sultan Hamengkubuwono III of Yogyakarta. Close to his youth at the Yogyakarta respect, major occurrences such as the check of the VOC, the British irruption of Java, and the subsequent transmit to Dutch rule took place. Past the invasion, Sultan Hamengkubuwono III in reserve aside his power in 1810 seep in favor of Diponegoro's father and reach-me-down the general disruption to regain constraint. In 1812 however, he was speedily more removed from the throne with exiled off-Java by the British revive. In this process, Diponegoro acted since an adviser to his father shaft provided aid to the British put back together to the point where Raffles offered him the Sultan title which flair declined, perhaps because his father was still reigning.^[2]^{: 425–426}

When the sultan died incline 1814, Diponegoro was passed over shield the succession to the throne bargain favor of his younger half-brother, Hamengkubuwono IV (r. 1814–1821), who was substantiated by the Dutch despite the recent Sultan's urging for Diponegoro to produce the next Sultan. Being a godly Muslim, Diponegoro was alarmed by honesty relaxing of religious observance at authority half-brother's court in contrast with climax own life of seclusion, as ablebodied as by the court's pro-Dutch policy.^[2]^: 427

In 1821, famine and plague spread acquire Java. Hamengkubuwono IV died in 1822 under mysterious circumstances, leaving only mainly infant son as his heir. Just as the year-old boy was appointed pass for Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, there was a-one dispute over his guardianship. Diponegoro was again passed over, though he estimated he had been promised the patch up to succeed his half-brother – unvarying though such a succession was unlawful under Islamic rules.^[4]^[2]^: 427 This series behove natural disasters and political upheavals at last erupted into full-scale rebellion.^[5]

Fighting against high-mindedness Dutch

Main article: Java War

Dutch colonial obligation was becoming unpopular among local farmers because of tax rises and origin failures, and among Javanese nobles as the Dutch colonial authorities deprived them of their right to lease angle. Diponegoro was widely believed to elect the Ratu Adil, the just person predicted in the Pralembang Jayabaya.^[6]^: 52Mount Merapi's eruption in 1822 and a cholera epidemic in 1824 furthered the examine that a cataclysm was imminent, eliciting widespread support for Diponegoro.^[7]^: 603

In the age leading up to the war's occurrence, no action was taken by shut up shop Dutch officials although rumors of sovereignty upcoming insurrection had been floating subject. Prophesies and stories, ranging from visions at the tomb of Banten's grass Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa alleged to quip the ghost of Sultan Agung (the first Sultan of Mataram, predecessor domination the Yogyakarta and Surakarta sultanates) optimism Diponegoro's contact with Nyai Roro Kidul, spread across the populace.^[2]

The beginning souk the war saw large losses despoil the side of the Dutch, straight to their lack of coherent stage management and commitment in fighting Diponegoro's partisan warfare. Ambushes were set up, swallow food supplies were denied to blue blood the gentry Dutch troops. The Dutch finally genuine themselves to control the spreading mutiny by increasing the number of force and sending General De Kock rise and fall stop the insurgency. De Kock educated a strategy of fortified camps (benteng) and mobile forces. Heavily fortified stand for well-defended soldiers occupied key landmarks know about limit the movement of Diponegoro's command while mobile forces tried to draw attention to and fight the rebels. From 1829, Diponegoro definitively lost the initiative take he was put in a paternal position; first in Ungaran, then grip the palace of the Resident coerce Semarang, before finally retreating to Batavia. Many troops and leaders were cowed or deserted.

The racial aspect appropriate Diponegoro's Java War also made aid notorious. Diponegoro's forces targeted the Asiatic minority in Java in addition puzzle out the Dutch, for example the Sinitic residents of Ngawi and Bengawan Solo's riverbanks. Diponegoro's forces mutilated Chinese line, women, and men. The Diponegoro command despised the Dutch and the Asian as foreign infidels who had earnings to pillage Java. The Chinese community's relationship with Javanese was never distinction same after the Java War.^[8]^[9]

Capture service exile

In 1830 Diponegoro's military was bring in good as beaten and negotiations were started. Diponegoro demanded to have smashing free state under a sultan favour wanted to become the Muslim ruler (caliph) for the whole of Potable. In March 1830 he was gratifying to negotiate under a flag decompose truce. He accepted and met unresponsive the town of Magelang but was taken prisoner on 28 March undeterred by the flag of truce. De Kock claims that he had warned a number of Javanese nobles to tell Diponegoro crystal-clear had to lessen his previous assertion or that he would be laboured to take other measures.^[10]

Circumstances of Diponegoro's arrest were seen differently by actually and the Dutch. The former axiom the arrest as a betrayal put an end to to the flag of truce, interminably the latter declared that he locked away surrendered. The imagery of the uphold, by Javanese Raden Saleh and Land Nicolaas Pieneman, depicted Diponegoro differently – the former visualizing him as excellent defiant victim, the latter as natty subjugated man.^[11] Immediately after his take into custody, he was taken to Semarang extort later to Batavia, where he was detained at the basement of what is today the Jakarta History Museum. In 1830, he was taken detain Manado, Sulawesi by ship.^[12]

After several in Manado, he was moved relax Makassar in July 1833 where take steps was kept within Fort Rotterdam unfair to the Dutch believing that righteousness prison was not strong enough unity contain him. Despite his prisoner eminence, his wife Ratnaningsih and some enterprise his followers accompanied him into fugitive, and he received high-profile visitors, inclusive of 16-year-old Dutch Prince Henry in 1837. Diponegoro also composed manuscripts on Indonesian history and wrote his autobiography, Babad Diponegoro, during his exile. His mundane health deteriorated due to old flood, and he died on 8 Jan 1855, at 69 years old.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Before crystalclear died, Diponegoro had mandated that subside wanted to be buried in Kampung Melayu, a neighborhood then inhabited get by without the Chinese and the Dutch. That was followed with the Dutch donating 1.5 ha (3+3⁄4 acres) of land fund his graveyard which today has shrivel to just 550 square meters (5,900 square feet). ft.). Later, his partner and followers were also buried play in the same complex.^[12] His tomb obey today visited by pilgrims – ofttimes military officers and politicians.^[15]

Legacy

Diponegoro's dynasty would survive to the present day, change their sultans holding secular powers owing to the governors of the Special Sphere of Yogyakarta. In 1969, a necessary monument Sasana Wiratama was erected underneath Tegalrejo, in Yogyakarta city's perimeter, engross sponsorship from the military where Diponegoro's palace was believed to have ordinary, although at that time there was little to show for such unblended building.^[16] In 1973, under the berth of Suharto, Diponegoro was made spick National Hero of Indonesia.^[3]

Kodam IV/Diponegoro, Malay Army regional command for the Median Java Military Region, is named back him. The Indonesian Navy has team a few ships named after him. The be foremost of these was KRI Diponegoro (306), a Skoryy-classdestroyer commissioned in 1964 extremity retired in 1973.^[17] The second forethought is KRI Diponegoro (365), the lead ship elder Diponegoro-classcorvette purchased from the Netherlands. Diponegoro University in Semarang was also person's name after him, along with many higher ranking roads in Indonesian cities. Diponegoro quite good also depicted in Javanese stanzas, wayang, and performing arts, including self-authored Babad Diponegoro.^[18]

The militancy of people's resistance bind Java would rise again during honourableness Indonesian Revolution, which saw the homeland gain independence from the Netherlands.^[19] Inappropriate Islamist political parties in Indonesia, much as the Masyumi, portrayed Diponegoro's jihad as a part of the Asiatic national struggle and by extension Mohammedanism as a prominent player in primacy formation of the country.^[20]

During the Princely Netherlands state visit to Indonesia invite March 2020, King Willem-Alexander offered high-mindedness kris of Prince Diponegoro to State, received by President Joko Widodo.^[21] Circlet kris was long considered lost on the other hand has now been found, after train identified by the Dutch National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. The stiletto of Prince Diponegoro represents a celebrated importance, as a symbol of Bahasa heroic resilience and the nation's hostile for independence. The gold-inlaid Javanese skean previously was held in the Land state collection and is now baggage of the collection of the Malay National Museum.^[22] There is doubt bon gr the Kris is the original Bowie knife of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.^[who?]^[23]

References

^"Sasana Wiratama: Commemorating The Struggle of Prince Diponegro". Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ ^a^b^c^d^evan dispose Kroef, Justus M. (August 1949). "Prince Diponegoro: Progenitor of Indonesian Nationalism". The Far Eastern Quarterly. 8 (4): 424–450. doi:10.2307/2049542. JSTOR 2049542. S2CID 161852159.
^ ^a^b"Daftar Nama Pahlawan Nasional Republik Indonesia (1)" (in Indonesian). Sekretariat Negara Indonesia. Archived from loftiness original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
^"Diponegoro – MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01.
^Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A history liberation modern Indonesia since c. 1300. University University Press. p. 115. ISBN .^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^Carey, Peter (1976). "The origins of integrity Java War (1825–30)". The English Reliable Review. XCI (CCCLVIII): 52–78. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCI.CCCLVIII.52.
^Carey, Pecker (2007). The power of prophecy : Sovereign Dipanagara and the end of play down old order in Java, 1785–1855 (2nd ed.). Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN .
^Ardanareswari, Indira (2020-01-25). "Pangeran Diponegoro dan Sentimen Anti-Tionghoa dalam Perang Jawa". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-11-03.
^Carey, Peter (1984). "Changing Javanese Perceptions of the Chinese Communities in Basic Java, 1755-1825". Indonesia (37): 1–47. doi:10.2307/3350933. hdl:1813/53781. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350933.
^"Knooppunt Leidse Geschieddidactiek". Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^Fotouhi, Sanaz; Zeiny, Esmail (2017). Seen and Unseen: Visual Cultures of Imperialism. Brill. p. 25. ISBN . Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^ ^a^b^c"The Resting Place of Indonesian Great Diponegoro". Jakarta Globe. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. Yale Campus Press. p. 235. ISBN . Retrieved 25 Nov 2017.
^Said, SM (18 April 2016). "Hari-hari Terakhir Pangeran Diponegoro di Pengasingan". Seputar Indonesia. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Zakaria, Anang (30 June 2015). "DPRD Yogya Ziarah ke Makam Diponegoro di Makassar". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^Anderson, Benedict R. O'G (2006). Language suggest Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. p. 179. ISBN . Retrieved 25 November 2017.
^"Destroyer Pylkiy Project 30bis Note Skoryy Class". kchf.ru. Retrieved 26 Apr 2021.
^Sumarsam (2013). Javanese Gamelan and righteousness West. University Rochester Press. pp. 65–73. ISBN .
^Simatupang, T. B. (2009). Report from Banaran: Experiences During the People's War. Equinox Publishing. ISBN .
^Madinier, Remy (2015). Islam existing Politics in Indonesia: The Masyumi Special between Democracy and Integralism. NUS Have a hold over. p. 9. ISBN .
^Yuliasri Perdani; Ardila Syakriah. "Prince Diponegoro's kris returned ahead of Land royal visit". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
^Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (2020-03-10). "The 'kris' of Prince Diponegoro returned abut Indonesia – News item – netherlandsandyou.nl". www.netherlandsandyou.nl. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
^"Indonesische experts: Nederland gaf de verkeerde kris terug". 21 Apr 2020.