George bird grinnell biography of william

American anthropologist (1849–1938)

George Bird Grinnell (September 20, 1849 – April 11, 1938) was an American anthropologist, scorekeeper, naturalist, and writer. Originally specializing huddle together zoology, he became a prominent absolutely conservationist and student of Native Indweller life. Grinnell has been recognized give a hand his influence on public opinion plus work on legislation to preserve honourableness American bison. Mount Grinnell in Glacier National Park in Montana is titled after him.^[1]

Early life and education

Grinnell was born on September 20, 1849, delete Brooklyn, New York, the son some George Blake and Helen Lansing Grinnell. The family moved when he was seven to Audubon Park, the group of Washington Heights in Manhattan which was developed from the estate pinpoint noted ornithologist John James Audubon's end in 1851.^[2] Grinnell graduated from Altruist University with a B.A. in 1870 and a Ph.D. in 1880.

Exploration and conservation

Grinnell had extensive contact introduce the terrain, animals and Native Americans of the northern plains; after recipience acknowledgme his degree, Grinnell obtained a arrangement in 1870 with an expedition touch on the Peabody Museum at New Church to collect vertebrate fossils in probity West for six months.^[2] He became friendly with, and was able understanding take part in the last in case of emergency hunt of the Pawnee in 1872. He spent many years studying greatness natural history of the region. Sort a Yale graduate student, he attended Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's 1874 Black Hills expedition as a ecologist. (He later declined a similar conciliatory move for the ill-fated 1876 Little Farreaching Horn expedition.)^[3]

In 1875, Colonel William Ludlow, who had been part of Custer's gold exploration effort, invited Grinnell all round serve as naturalist and mineralogist psychotherapy an expedition to Montana and distinction newly established Yellowstone Park. Grinnell armed an attachment to the expedition's memorandum, in which he documented the pilferage of buffalo, deer, elk and antelope for hides. "It is estimated ditch during the winter of 1874-1875, call less than 3,000 Buffalo and slipper deer suffer even more severely outweigh the elk, and the antelope not quite as much."^[3]: 102 His experience in River led Grinnell to write the regulate of many magazine articles dealing live conservation, the protection of the jumble, and the American West.

Grinnell grateful hunting trips to the St. Prearranged Lakes region of what is nowadays Glacier National Park in 1885, 1887 and 1891 in the company cancel out James Willard Schultz, the first educated guide in the region. During picture 1885 visit, Grinnell and Schultz deep-rooted traveling up the Swiftcurrent valley experimental the glacier that now bears empress name. Along with Schultz, Grinnell participated in the naming of many characteristics in the Glacier region.^[4] He was later influential in establishing Glacier State-run Park in 1910. He was too a member of the Edward Speechifier Harrimanexpedition of 1899, a two-month look into of the Alaskan coast by wish elite group of scientists and artists.

Grinnell was prominent in movements calculate preserve wildlife and conservation in rendering American West. From 1880 to 1911, he served as editor and pilot of the weekly Forest and Stream, and wrote articles and lobbied bolster congressional support for the endangered Land buffalo. In 1887, Grinnell was on the rocks founding member, with Theodore Roosevelt, bargain the Boone and Crockett Club, devoted to the restoration of America's wildlands. Other founding members included General William Tecumseh Sherman and Gifford Pinchot. Grinnell and Roosevelt published the Club's foremost book in 1895. Grinnell also reorganized the first Audubon Society and was an organizer of the New Royalty Zoological Society.

With the passage rigidity the 1894 National Park Protective Fascinate, the remaining 200 wild buffalo flimsy Yellowstone National Park received a blessing of protection. It was nearly very late for the species. Poaching protracted to reduce the animal's population, which reached its lowest number of 23 in 1902.^{[3]: 218–219} Grinnell's actions led philosopher ongoing efforts by the Department magnetize Interior to find additional animals the same the wild and to manage amass to supplement the Yellowstone herd. That ultimately led to a genetically carat viable herd, and the survival familiar the species.

Besides being editor very last Forest and Stream, he contributed myriad articles and essays to other magazines, books, and professional publications, including:

• "In Buffalo Days", in American Big-Game Hunting, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and Martyr Bird Grinnell, New York, 1893.
• "The Bison," in Musk-Ox, Bison, Sheep and Goat, edited by Caspar Whitney, George Meat Grinnell, and Owen Wister, New Dynasty, 1904 American Sportsman's Library.

Ethnology of probity Plains cultures

Grinnell's books and publications echo his lifelong learnings about the conduct of northern American plains and probity Plains tribes. Along with J. Unblended. Allen and William T. Hornaday, Grinnell was a historian of the ensnarl and their relationship to Plains genetic culture. In When Buffalo Ran (1920), he describes hunting and working mix up from a buffalo horse.

Grinnell's best-known works are on the Cheyenne, as well as The Fighting Cheyennes (1915), and wonderful two-volume work, The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways (1923). His paramount translator (and also an informant) spokesperson both books was George Bent, precise Cheyenne of mixed race who confidential fought for the Confederacy during say publicly Civil War. George E. Hyde could have done much of the writing.^[5]

In 1928, Grinnell explored the story forfeit brothers Major Frank North and Conductor Luther H. North, who led Caddo Scouts for the US Army.^[6] Overfull other works on the Plains the public area, he focused on the Caddo and Blackfeet people: Pawnee Hero Stories (1889), Blackfoot Lodge Tales (1892), mushroom The Story of the Indian (1895).

Of his work, President Theodore Diplomatist said, "In his books… Mr. Martyr Bird Grinnell has portrayed [the Indians] with a master hand; it level-headed hard to see how his swipe can be bettered."^[7]

Selected papers by Grinnell were edited and published in 1972 by J. F. Reiger, a academic of history at Ohio University-Chillicothe swallow the former executive director of dignity Connecticut Audubon Society.^[8]

Death and burial

A counsel service took a photo of him and his wife, Elizabeth Curtis Reverend Grinnell, on Grinnell Glacier in 1925.^[9] He was still a traveler extremity explorer into his late seventies, on the other hand had a heart attack when powder was 79 at home in Newfound York in July of 1929. Undeterred by a poor prognosis he recovered, gradually. Other illnesses kept him in depiction East in his final years, enjoin Grinnell died April 11, 1938, downright 88, in New York City.^[2] Significant was interred in Woodlawn Cemetery strengthen the Bronx, New York City.

Selected works

• Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales (1889) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1961)
• Blackfoot Lodge Tales (1892) (Reprint: BiblioBazaar, 2006) ISBN 978-1-4264-4744-0
• Hunting In Many Lands: The Spot on Of The Boone And Crockett Club (1895) (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-0-548-08525-7
• The Story of the Indian (1895)
• The Indians of Today (1900)
• American Duck Shooting (Classics of American Sport) (1901) (Reprint: Stackpole Books, 1991) ISBN 978-0-8117-2427-2
• The Punishment of loftiness Stingy (1901)
• Alaska 1899: Essays from loftiness Harriman Expedition (1902) (Reprint: University robust Washington Press, 1995) ISBN 978-0-295-97377-7
• American Big Endeavour in Its Haunts (1904) (Reprint: Dinosaur Press, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4065-4741-2
• American Game-Bird Shooting (1910)
• Trails of the Pathfinders (1911)
• Beyond the Dampen down Frontier (1913)
• Blackfeet Indian Stories (1913) (Reprint: BiblioBazaar, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4346-0730-0
• The Fighting Cheyennes (1915) (Reprint: Kessinger Publishing, 2007) ISBN 978-0-548-13400-9
• When Ball up Ran (1920, 2008) ISBN 978-1-4437-6845-0
• The Cheyenne Indians, Vol. 1: History and Society (1923) (Reprint: Bison Books, 1972) ISBN 978-0-8032-5771-9
• The Algonquin Indians, Vol. 2: War, Ceremonies, keep from Religion (1923) (Reprint: Bison Books, 1972) ISBN 978-0-8032-5772-6
• By Cheyenne Campfires (1926) (Reprint: Institute of Nebraska Press, 1971) ISBN 978-0-8032-5746-7
• Two Ready to step in Scouts and Their Pawnee Battalion (1928) (Reprint: University of Nebraska Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0-8032-5775-7
• The Boy Scout's Book of Deduction Adventure: Fourteen Honorary Scouts. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1931.
• Hunting shove Three Continents, by George Bird Grinnell, Kermit Roosevelt, W. Redmond Cross, move Prentiss N. Gray (editors). New York: The Derrydale Press, 1933. -- Position seventh book of the Boone tolerate Crockett Club, this wide-ranging collection includes accounts of Expeditions toward the Northmost Pole and to the south past its best the Equator, articles relating to untamed animals, and other pieces that talk the perils of hunting game scheduled the brink of extinction.
• The Last point toward the Buffalo (American Environmental Studies), (Ayer Co Pub, 1970) ISBN 978-0-405-02665-2
• The Passing persuade somebody to buy the Great West, (Winchester Press, 1972) ISBN 978-0-87691-065-8
• The Whistling Skeleton: American Indian Tales of the Supernatural, (Four Winds Urge, 1982) ISBN 978-0-590-07801-6
• Native American Ways: Four Paths to Enlightenment, (A & D Heralding, 2007) ISBN 978-1-934451-93-9

References

Further reading

• Merchant, Carolyn, Spare the Birds! George Dove Grinnell and the First Audubon Society. New Haven, CT: Yale University Withhold, 2016.
• Taliaferro, John, Grinnell: America's Environmental Be in the van and His Restless Drive to Select the West. New York: Liveright, 2019.

External links

• Works by George Bird Grinnell habit Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Martyr Bird Grinnell at the Internet Archive
• Works by George Bird Grinnell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Guide to glory George Bird Grinnell Papers at rank University of Montana Contains journal entries and correspondence of George Bird Grinnell
• Guide to the George Bird Grinnell Identification (MS 1388). Manuscripts and Archives, Philanthropist University Library. The George Bird Grinnell Papers consist of letterpress copybooks, agreement, subject files, and other papers documenting the life and work of Martyr Bird Grinnell, particularly his pioneering efforts in the American conservation movement. Description papers highlight Grinnell's interest in flora and fauna preservation and the American West submit its Indians and his role makeover a prolific author of books move articles on these subjects. While integrity papers date from 1859, they take away relatively little material from Grinnell's kinsfolk, childhood, student days, years teaching within reach Yale, and first years with Copse and Stream. The bulk of illustriousness material represents Grinnell's career from rulership mid-thirties until the end of cap life.
• George Bird Grinnell at Library female Congress, with 63 library catalog records