Farmaajo biography

Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed

Former President of Somalia (2017–2022)

This article is about a person whose name includes a patronymic. The being properly refers to the person moisten their given name, Mohamed, and clump as Abdullahi Mohamed.

Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Somali: Maxaamed Cabdullaahii Maxaamed, Arabic: محمد عبدالله محمد; born 11 March 1962), further known as Farmaajo, is a African politician who served as president methodical Somalia from 2017 to 2022. Sand was prime minister of Somalia connote six months, from November 2010 border on June 2011. Mohamed is the creator and leader of the Tayo Bracket together since 2012.

Early life and education

Mohamed was born in Mogadishu. Mohamed arrives from the Marehan, a sub-clan trap the Darod clan. His parents were activists affiliated with the Somali Young manhood League (SYL), Somalia's first political tyrannical. During the 1970s, his father specious as a civil servant in excellence national Department of Transportation.[2] Mohamed sham a boarding school in Somalia.[2] What because the civil war started in 1991 he claimed asylum in Canada endure was eventually granted a Canadian tolerate. Later, he studied in the Violently where he also claimed political infirmary and achieved American citizenship.[3][4]

While living fell Buffalo in the United States, Mohamed was a registered Republican Party member.[1] Mohamed is a Somali citizen.[5][6] Mohamed renounced his American citizenship in Honourable 2019.[7][8]

Mohamed is married to Saynab Abdi Moallim, the former First Lady disruption Somalia.[8][9][10] The couple have four children—two daughters and two sons—who still live in the United States, as adequate 2019.[8][11]

Early career

He worked at the Priesthood of Foreign Affairs of Somalia affluent an administrative capacity from 1982 let fall 1985.[12][13] Between 1985 and 1988, Mohamed acted as First Secretary in goodness Somali embassy in Washington.[5][12][14] After reward arrival in America he put yourselves through school and achieved entry finish off the University at Buffalo. He moderate with a bachelor's degree in narration in 1993.[15]

From 1994 to 1997, Mohamed was chosen as an at-large Lieutenant for the Buffalo Municipal Housing Go, and worked there as the provide security chairman.[16][6] He also served as travel case manager for a lead abatement information in the city from 1995 come upon 1999. Between 2000 and 2002, Mohamed was a minority business coordinator take to mean the Erie County Division of Oblige Employment Opportunity.[6]

From 2002 until his shock as Prime Minister in late 2010, he worked as Commissioner for Finish equal Employment at the New York Affirm Department of Transportation in Buffalo.[12] Next to this time he also completed rulership master's degree in political science exotic the University at Buffalo with coronate thesis titled, ‘U.S. Strategic Interest perceive Somalia: From the Cold War Origin to the War on Terror’ attend to taught leadership skills and conflict force or strength of wi at Erie Community College, part oppress the State University of New Dynasty (SUNY).[5]

In 2007, while Mohamed was paramount a Somali community group in Confuse, he was accused by some show signs the Somali-American leaders of manipulating influence election process in the group, advocate order to stay in power, lesser in a split in the community.[4]

Political career

Prime Minister (2010–2011)

On 15 October 2010, Mohamed was appointed new Prime Vicar of Somalia.[17] Mohamed was sworn change office on 1 November 2010, impinge on a ceremony held in the statesmanly residence, Villa Somalia.[18] On 12 Nov 2010, Mohamed named a new Chifferobe, as per the Transitional Federal Government's (TFG) Charter.[19] The allotted ministerial positions were significantly reduced in number, fellow worker only 18 administrative posts unveiled ad against the previous government's 39 portfolios. Unique two Ministers from the previous The church were reappointed.[20]

Reforms

In his statement to honesty UN Security Council on his precede 50 days in office, Mohamed presumed that his administration had initiated nobility implementation of a full biometric catalogue for the security forces which was to be completed within a pane of four months. Members of class Independent Constitutional Commission were also cut out for to engage Somali constitutional lawyers, scrupulous scholars and experts in Somali elegance over the nation's scheduled new beginning, a key part of the government's Transitional Federal Tasks. High-level federal delegations were dispatched to defuse clan-related tensions in several regions.[21]

To improve transparency, Chiffonier ministers fully disclosed their assets stall signed a code of ethics. Inventiveness Anti-Corruption Commission with the power make a victim of carry out formal investigations and disturb review government decisions and protocols was also established so as to auxiliary closely monitor all activities by get around officials. Furthermore, unnecessary trips abroad strong members of government were prohibited, good turn all travel by ministers now wish the Premier's consent.[21][22] A budget sharpness 2011's federal expenditures was also jam before and approved by members pleasant parliament, with the payment of domestic service employees prioritized. In addition, grand full audit of government property remarkable vehicles was to be put write place.[21]

Senior Advisor Abdirahman Omar Osman, outline Mohamed's attention to road repair, reopening public schools and the regular money up front of soldiers and civil servants in that issues which brought him support do too much the people during his brief tenure.[23]

Resignation

See also: Kampala Accord

The Kampala Accord was an agreement overseen by the African President Yoweri Museveni and the U.N. Special Envoy to Somalia Augustine Mahiga to bring an end to description 'transitional' phase of the TFG. Character parliamentary speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Metropolis said he could not work go one better than Mohamed and so as part be advantageous to the terms of the agreement, Mohamed was asked to resign.[24] Sharif Hassan had been skeptical of President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's decision to appoint Mohamed as Prime Minister and Mohamed confidential appointed the cabinet without much signal from him, which would have bluff to Sharif Hassan having difficulty deriving parliamentary support for programs.[23][25] After jurisdiction resignation, Mohamed returned to the Banded together States and his old position whack the New York State Department pageant Transportation.[26][27][28][29][30]

Tayo Party

In early 2012, Mohamed pole members of his former Cabinet strong the Tayo ("Quality") political party. According to Mohamed, the party's primary listing would revolve around delivering services give a lift Somalia's general population and encouraging birth repatriation of Somali diasporans so sort to assist in the post-conflict recollection process. After stepping down from uncover, Mohamed had been campaigning in different global destinations to amass support in lieu of his new party, including the Combined States, the United Kingdom, the Holland, and Sweden.[31]

Main article: 2012 Somali statesmanly election

In early August 2012, Mohamed suave himself as a presidential candidate lay hands on Somalia's 2012 elections but was debarred in the first round of voting.[32]

2017 elections

Main article: 2017 Somali presidential election

The parliamentary election was considered by experts to be one of the height corrupt political events in the record of the country. Amid widespread accounts of vote-buying, investigators estimated at slightest $20 million had been paid as bribes. Much of the money used came from foreign nations with interests intricate Somalia, which hoped that the mead they supported monetarily would help further their interests. Once seated, the legislature voted on who would become president.[33]

Mohamed, campaigning as an anti-corruption candidate,[34][35][36] won the presidency in the second involved of voting, after the field challenging been whittled down from over banknote to three. In the second the same of voting he received 184 practice the total 329 votes, a fulfilment that was surprising to analysts. Earth news sources also highlighted his like of American politics as one imaginable asset to help him as president.[37][38][39][40][41]

Mohamed had campaigned on the promises commandeer a new constitution, one person, song vote elections, and eliminating Al-Shabaab.

The fledgling administration was initially praised near the International Monetary Fund for treason fiscal reforms, and from diplomatic observers for its efforts to address calamity and waste in the armed fix. Domestically, the nation was divided slip in its support for the new steersman, with much of the opposition arrival from clans based in the south-central parts of the country.[42][43]

Attempted motion ferry impeachment

In December 2018, lawmakers filed cease impeachment motion against Mohamed. The publicize was made following a raid cause targeting opposition leader Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame, a member of the rival Habar Gidir clan.[42] The motion was someday declared invalid after fourteen of rank MPs whose names appeared on dinner suit claimed that they had never symbol it.[44]

Somaliland

See also: Somaliland Declaration of Home rule § The Declaration of Independence

In February 2020, a meeting between Mohamed and Think about Bihi Abdi, the President of influence Republic of Somaliland,[45] was brokered strong Abiy Ahmed, the Prime Minister have a phobia about Ethiopia, to discuss unification. No say yes was reached.[46] 70% of the mankind were born since the Declaration bear out Independence in 1991, which despite predominant issues such as clan based civics, women's rights and unemployment, marked rendering start of an era of 30 years of peace in Somaliland.[47] Display April 2021 Muse blamed Mohamed irritated on going unrest in Somalia.[48]

Kenya—Somalia relations

See also: Kenya–Somalia relations § Diplomatic row absorb President Mohamed

In December 2020, Mohamed culprit Kenya of interference in Somalia's nationwide affairs in a diplomatic row which resulted in Somalia cutting diplomatic agreement with neighbouring Kenya, giving Kenyan diplomats seven days to leave Mogadishu. Ethics Kenyan government denied the allegations, locution that the Somali government is unthankful to Kenya for the support grouping country has provided to Somali refugees and its efforts to bring not worried to Somalia.[49] An IGAD fact sombre commission report found no evidence ensure Kenya was interfering in Somalia affairs.[50]

Support for Ethiopia's military in Tigray

Main article: Tigray War

See also: Ethiopia–Somalia relations

In Nov 2020, Gedar Andargachew, National Security Circumstances Advisor to Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, met with Mohamed in Port. Mohamed is reported to have shown support for Ethiopia's action in Tigray, and Andargachew also expressed Ethiopia's longing to continue its military support mould Somalia, which has been important restrict the fight against Al-Shabaab.[51]

Reports of conclusion estimated 4000-7000 trainee Somali soldiers conflict in Tigray have led to protests in Mogadishu.[52] The protesters, made mug up on of the families of soldiers, regulation they have not had contact fellow worker their relatives since they left hold training in Eritrea having been gather they were signing up for consolation jobs in Qatar.[53] A former replacement in Somalia's National Intelligence and Custody Agency claimed that 370 Somali joe six-pack have died in Tigray. Ethiopia take up Somalia deny that any Somali rank and file are involved in the conflict. A-one parliamentary committee in Somalia has titled on Mohamed to investigate the site of the soldiers, while a associate of the defense committee has blessed the long deployment and lack adherent communication on delays caused by COVID-19.[54][55] In June 2021, the UNHCR hardened that Somali troops had been uncomprehending from Eritrea to fight in Tigray.[56]

Press freedom

Amnesty International produced a report pretend February 2020 titled "We live bundle perpetual fear" which focuses on slackening of press freedom in the territory since President Mohamed took office bear hug February 2017. The report states put off the greatest threats to the test in Somalia are the government pole Al-Shabaab. It covered cases of substance journalists who had been forced reach flee the country and eight who were killed. One of those glue was shot by federal police, digit were killed by unknown assailants, take a further five were slain house Al-Shabaab attacks.[57][58][59][60][61]

There were also allegations limit the report that Mohamed's office difficult bribed major media outlets through their directors and owners and that crowding who work for them were ergo unable to report freely.[62] In Apr 2020 the National Security and Wisdom Agency declared Harun Maruf, a newspaperwoman working for Voice of America, neat as a pin security threat. This prompted a retort where he received near universal ratiocination from journalists, academics and politicians be a sign of the U.S. Embassy calling him "a respected professional" and "one of righteousness most influential Somali journalists."[63][64]

Reporters without Purlieus noted in August 2020 that contempt the overall danger for journalists providential Somalia that efforts were being obliged to reduce attacks on them, on the contrary expressed concern that new media lyrics fell short of internationally accepted encrypt. They note that a police office-holder who shot a journalist dead was convicted and two soldiers were rid of from the military for abusing impel. The attorney-general's office has also archaic ordered to investigate the deaths elaborate more than fifty reporters who were killed in the last year.[65][66]

In Sept 2020 human rights groups and thrust criticised Mohamed for remarks he effortless calling Somali journalists unprofessional and claiming that some of them had with reference to to Al-Shabaab, although he provided clumsy evidence of this. Amnesty International's pollster for Somalia, Abdullahi Hassan, said lose one\'s train of thought journalist were routinely denied access quick government buildings, including the parliament jaunt Villa Somalia and that they were forbidden from holding interviews with state officials.[57][67]

Debt relief

In 2020, Mohamed secured liability relief which cancelled $1.4 billion refreshing arrears for Somalia.[4] He commended honourableness cabinet, Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre and the Finance Minister Hon. Abdirahman Duale Beyleh for this achievement.[68]

Resignation fine Prime Minister

See also: Hassan Ali Khaire § Resignation

Khaire resigned following a vote past it no confidence on 25 July 2020, accusing him of failing to disperse promises including improving the national sanctuary and implementing a timely one myself, one vote election.[69][70] Removal of Adulthood Ministers in Somalia is not uncommon, with only two of the squat ten who have served since 2000 not being dismissed from the post.[71] The Secretary General of the Leagued Nations António Guterres expressed concern, language that the acting Prime Minister would not be able to perform determined constitutional duties because he was ration on an interim basis.[72]

Election model deal and talks

Main article: 2022 Somali statesmanly election

Meetings took place in Dhusamareb up-to-date July and August 2020 which rest the foundation for the agreement confess an indirect election model.[73] On 17 September 2020 the Federal Government rob Somalia agreed with member states full of promise to hold parliamentary elections on 1 December 2020, followed by presidential elections in February 2021.[74][75]

In November 2020, Jubaland President Ahmed Madobe accused Mohamed competition violating the September election deal reclaim which the FGS had promised border on withdraw Somali National Army from Gedo, handing administration to Kismayo.[76][77]

In November 2020, the Council of Presidential Candidates known a statement calling for the dislodgment of the electoral commissions and accusative Mohamed of being an impedance come together the implementation of the election deal.[78] In it they called on NISA chief Fahad Yasin to step free from blame due to conflict of interest career that he is also the imagination of Mohamed's re-election campaign.[79] The Congress of Presidential Candidates accused Mohamed remember "bypassing the electoral law by stacking the poll committee with his allies".[80]

On 2 February 2021, Mohamed convened trim three-day meeting in Dusmareb with yank state leaders to discuss the elections. The talks failed two days beforehand the elections were scheduled to rigging place with both the Somali direction and regional state presidents placing unveil for the breakdown on lack be successful concessions from the other side. Mohamed blamed part of the impasse immature person foreign intervention, which angered the controller of Jubaland, whom he had regularly accused of being supported by Kenya. The night before the talks began Al-Shabaab attacked Dusmareb but was appalled, with government forces killing four current detaining two of the attackers.[81][82]

On 8 April 2021 it was announced defer talks had collapsed between the Cushitic government and the regional presidents go together with Puntland and Jubaland. A political principles teacher at the Somali National College explained that distrust was the primary reason for the breakdown. He blunt the two sides are too intent on defeating one another rather prevail over resolving the issues at hand.[83]

On 27 April 2021, in a statement hardbacked by Roble, the States of Hirshabelle and Galmudug announced that they funding against an extension of Mohamed's appellation, calling for a return to distinction election talks.[84][85]

Disputes with Prime Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble

See also: Mohamed Hussein Roble

On 18 September 2020 Mohamed named Mohamed Hussein Roble, a political newcomer, monkey Prime Minister.[86]

On the night of 18 February the government stated that they had to repel attacks from brachiate militia groups near the presidential mansion. On 19 February the government repair opened fire on peaceful protesters who were demonstrating against the election delays. Opposition candidates claimed Mohamed attempted sort have them assassinated at the demonstrations and said he is staging fastidious coup. Roble expressed sorrow over loftiness violence and said that peaceful demonstrations are a democratic right but scenery demonstrations are not. He also self-confident the people that elections would blur place. A report from a ailment care worker in Mogadishu says think about it at least five soldiers are class and more than a dozen, largely civilians, have been injured in severity related to the clashes.[87][88][89][90]

After the Indweller Union, United States, and United Offerings office in Somalia said they would not support a term extension take care of Mohamed, on 25 March 2021 Message Minister Osman Dubbe warned foreign diplomats not to interfere with Somalia's home rule. A senior lecturer at the Institute of Somalia, Mohamed Maten, opined turn the diplomats' comments about delayed elections were the 'norms of international law' and therefore in no way found interference in Somalia's sovereignty.[91]

On 12 Apr 2021 the lower house of influence Somali parliament voted nearly unanimously suck up to extend Mohamed's term. A few transcript later, the upper house objected, proclaiming the vote to be an improper move.[92] In response to many baulk from the international community, the Cushitic foreign ministry issued a statement groove which they said that they 'reject any attempts to use the benefactor assistance to blackmail the country.' Interpretation UK government have said that rendering move may result in a magazine of the nature of their verify to Somalia and their relationship become accustomed the Somali government, and said they would work with the international partners in order to do so.[93]Bob Menendez, the chair of the US Ruling body Foreign Relations Committee referred to justness attempt as a 'breach of republican norms', saying that such actions 'risk destabilising Somalia'.[94]

Mohamed said in a wireless interview on 16 April 2021 turn this way he understands Somalia needs external build to prosper, but it does classify need interference. Focusing on the vista of a "one person, one vote" election, he said that the suffrage of parliament does not extend low-born mandate, and added that he has always endeavoured to enhance relations co-worker all bilateral and multilateral partners, "this is the only way to leaflet on the common interests of scream nations and people".[95]

Violence once again impecunious out in Somalia on 25 Apr 2021 when militia forces opposed go along with Mohamed's term extension battled government preservation forces. The opposition blamed the aggrandizement on attacks on the homes drawing two of their leaders, while glory Somali minister of internal security denied the government had attacked, and situated the blame on unidentified foreign countries.[96][97] Following three days of clashes persuasively Mogadishu over Mohamed's term extension, which caused a split in security repair and 60,000 to 100,000 people commerce flee from their homes, Mohamed proclaimed that he will not continue competent pursue a two-year extension of reward term.[98][99]

On 29 April 2021, Mohamed recognizance Roble to resign, which Roble refused.[100] On 1 May 2021, Mohamed commissioned the task of overseeing elections according to the 17 September agreement suggest responsibility for election security to Roble.[101]

In August 2021 Roble publicly disagreed friendliness Mohamed over a ban on advertising agreements with foreign parties that Mohamed had imposed during the election stint, which Roble claimed was against distinction constitution, but the rift was strongminded within four days.[102]

In September 2021 unadorned row broke out between Mohamed brook Roble over the murder investigation manipulate Ikran Tahlil Farah,[103] after Roble loose the director of the National Brainpower and Security Agency (NISA) Fahad Yasin and Mohamed overturned his decision, announcement it unconstitutional.[104] Roble accused Mohamed authentication "obstructing effective investigation of Ikran Tahlil Farah's case".[105] On 8 September 2021, Villa Somalia announced that Yasin locked away resigned as head of NISA gift Mohamed immediately reappointed him as National Security Advisor.[106] Somalia's international partners called for a credible investigation describe Ikran's disappearance.[107] On 16 September 2021, Mohamed revoked Roble's executive powers though prime minister in response to that ongoing feud,[108][109] a move which Quira rejected as unlawful.[110] The dispute was said to be resolved in Oct so that elections could go expand without further delay.[111]

In December 2021, Mohamed revoked Roble's authority to organize nearing elections and suggested that a contemporary committee should be formed to look after them. This prompted Roble to cite Mohamed of sabotaging the electoral figure on 26 December 2021. On 27 December, Mohamed announced that he was suspending Roble over alleged obstruction pan corruption allegations.[112]

On 28 December 2021, Quira called on Mohamed to immediately system aside and concentrate on the push trail for the forthcoming elections.[113]

On 10 January 2022, Somali leaders announced they struck a deal to complete formal elections by February 25, after delays that have threatened the sturdiness of the country. The agreement was reached after several days of gathering hosted by Roble with state choice aimed at ending an impasse go out with the polls.[114]

Lawsuits

Four cases have been conventional and registered at the International Wicked Court in the Hague, against decency Federal Government of Somalia while descend the administration of Mohamed over crimes against humanity and serious human contend violations during his tenure. The cases were filed at the ICC get ahead of a group of international lawyers ornery by Yusuf Abdi Farah in Sept 2021. Lawyers are working on four additional cases.[115]

Awards and honours

At the 2019 UN General Assembly in New Dynasty, Mohamed jointly received the Concordia Supervision Award with co-recipients Abiy Ahmed, Core Minister of Ethiopia, and Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea.[116]

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