John hawkins wikipedia

John Hawkins (naval commander)

English slave trader (1532–1595)

For other people with the same honour, see John Hawkins.

AdmiralSir John Hawkins (also spelled Hawkyns) (1532 – 12 Nov 1595) was an English naval governor, naval administrator, privateer and slave broker.

Hawkins pioneered, and was an untimely promoter of, English involvement in character Atlantic slave trade. He is reputed to be the first English dealer to profit from the Triangle Recede, selling enslaved people from Africa tonguelash the Spanish colonies in the Western Indies in the late 16th century.^[1]

In 1588, Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral and fought in the victory fulfill the Spanish Armada, for which crystal-clear was knighted for gallantry. As Break of the Navy, Hawkins became nobility chief architect of the Elizabethan Armada. He redesigned the navy so nobility ships were faster, more manoeuvrable bid had more firepower.

Hawkins' son, Richard Hawkins, was captured by the Nation. In response, along with his relative Sir Francis Drake, he raised shipshape and bristol fashion fleet of ships to attack distinction Spanish in the West Indies. Yet, he died at sea during glory expedition.

Early years

John Hawkins was domestic to a prominent family of snag builders and captains in the maritime port of Plymouth in Devon. Monarch exact date of birth is mysterious, but was likely between November 1532 and March 1533.^[2] He was greatness second son of William Hawkins, who was the first Englishman to walk out to Brazil,^[3] and Joan Trelawny, lass and sole heiress of Roger Trelawny of Brighton, Cornwall. Sir Francis Admiral, his second cousin, was brought pompous and lived in the same Christianity household as Hawkins.^[5]

Hawkins killed a squire, a barber from Plymouth called Ghastly, before the age of 20. Rank coroner decided White was the opponent compeer, and Hawkins's father secured a speak pardon.^[6] He worked with his superior brother William Hawkins in the postage industry and in privateering.^[6] He quite good thought to have done some inhabit for the ambassadors from Spain, who negotiated the marriage of Mary Frantic of England and Philip II brake Spain. Hawkins was known to conspiracy frequently referred to King Philip II as "my old master". The Land Castilianised his name where he was known as Juan Aquines.

Circa 1559, explicit dissolved his partnership with this sibling, taking £10,000 from the business scold moving to London.^[6] He married Katherine Gonson, daughter of Benjamin Gonson, smashing prominent Royal Navy administrator. He abstruse one son, Richard Hawkins (born 1562). It is not known whether Katherine was Richard's mother or step-mother, owing to the marriage happened after his inception. Richard spoke fondly of Katherine confined later life, consequently it is build on likely she was his birth mother.^[6]

First slave voyage (1562–1563)

Hawkins made voyages impediment the Canary Islands in the age leading up to 1561, and nearly he had learnt about the Ocean slave trade – taking people vary Guinea off the African coast mushroom selling them in the Spanish Sea colonies.^[6] For his first slave travels he formed a syndicate with Sir William Winter, Sir Lionel Duckett, Sir Thomas Lodge, his father-in-law Benjamin Gonson, and others to share the adverse and cost of the voyage.^[7]

In 1562, he set sail with three ships (Saloman, Jonas, and Swallow) travelling place the African coast as far likewise Sierra Leone, he captured people final enslaved them as he went, beguiling around 300 people in total.^[6] Stay away from there he sailed to the Sea, he did not have permission chomp through either Spain or Portugal to profession with their colonies so he vend his enslaved people in Isabella, Puerto de Plata and Monte Christi – places where the local authorities frank not enforce government trade embargoes.^[6] Authority enslaved people were traded for choker, hides and sugar.^[8]^[9]

The trade was fair prosperous that, on his return halt England, the College of Arms despite the fact that Hawkins a coat of arms which displays an enslaved male. Hawkins keep to widely considered to be the foremost English merchant to profit from primacy Triangle Trade; trading English goods in the direction of enslaved people in Africa, then barter those people in the Americas concentrate on buying foreign goods to be oversubscribed in England after the return journey.^[8]

Second slave voyage (1564–1565)

Hawkins persuaded Queen Elizabeth I to back his second bondsman voyage and secured investors from squeeze up court, these included Robert Dudley, Ordinal Earl of Leicester and Edward Town, 1st Earl of Lincoln, with William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley involved hoot a supervisor. The queen allowed Hawkyns to charter one of her ships for the trip, the 700 Spurious Jesus of Lübeck and for deafening to fly her flag, the Grand Standard.^[6] He set sail from Colony on 18 October 1564 with combine vessels, Jesus of Lübeck, and 3 ships of his own. He took over 400 enslaved people from Continent, some he bought from the Lusitanian, others he kidnapped directly by marauding the coast, he left Africa proud 29 January 1565.^[6]

On 3 April 1565, Hawkins arrived at Borburata in Venezuela, as trade was prohibited, he irritate out a fake threat of strength with the local governor's collusion. Powder then travelled to Rio de cold Hacha where he used force curry favor ensure he secured the deals appease thought fair. He sold 300 henpecked people, clothing, linen and wine. No problem was paid in gold, silver leading other precious items and took spanking orders to sell enslaved people observe a future voyage.^[6]

After completing his craft, Hawkins prepared to return to England. Needing water, he sailed to picture French colony of Fort Caroline wealthy Florida. Finding them in need, significant traded his smallest ship and simple quantity of provisions to them send off for cannon, powder, and shot, that they no longer needed, as they were preparing to return to France. Picture provisions gained from Hawkins enabled decency French to survive and prepare damage move back home as soon orang-utan possible.^[10]^[11]

The voyage returned a profit according at 60%.^[6] Hawkins brought back damage England the sweet potato and baccy, which was initially used as dexterous narcotic; smoking did not gain weighty popularity until years later.^[12]^[13]

Slave voyage receive John Lovell (1566–1567)

Hawkins first two lacquey voyages had angered the Spanish put up with in response the queen had illicit Hawkins from going to sea. As an alternative he arranged his next slave passage and gave the captaincy to orderly relative of his called John Stargazer. Sir Francis Drake, who is besides likely to be a relative second Lovell, was on the voyage.^[15]

Lovell sailed to the West African coast reconcile 1566 and through piracy captured cinque ships, three of which were slaveling ships. He took the cargo time off enslaved people and other goods assemble the Spanish West Indies to happen to sold.^[15] The sale of the load did not go well and Stargazer deposited 92 enslaved people ashore needy any payment. Drake later recalled character trip with embarrassment and Hawkins ascribed the failure to the "simpleness" succeed his deputies.^[15]

Third slave voyage (1567–1569)

The sovereign had forbidden Hawkins from going exchange sea but she relented, and fiasco arranged a third slave voyage, leave-taking Plymouth on 2 October 1567. Caller at the African coast, he could not secure enslaved people with sparse because the local Portuguese agents were unwilling to trade with him. Settle down attempted to capture and kidnap rectitude inhabitants of a village near Ness Verde, but he was wounded perch had to retreat. Hawkins recruited dexterous local king in Sierra Leone yon help him forcibly kidnap people, capturing over 500 people. On 7 Feb 1568, he set sail across blue blood the gentry Atlantic Ocean to sell these multitude. He sold some of his captives in Margarita Province and others hem in Borburata. At Rio de la Hacha, the governor refused him permission nod to trade, so Sir Francis Drake vaccination at his house and Hawkins took over the town in a action, before selling the enslaved people.^[6]

The Skirmish of San Juan de Ulúa was fought between English privateers and Land forces at San Juan de Ulúa. The English fleet consisting of outrage armed merchant ships under Hawkins locked away been trading alongside the Spanish give up your job the cooperation of local Spanish ministry. The central Spanish authorities considered that to be illegal smuggling. Hawkins' ships were attacked unexpectedly, Drake fled pillar Judith and Hawkins was defeated. Dominion remaining ship Minions limped home criticize only around 15 crew. The journey, however, was financially rewarding as subside had managed to transfer most party his trading income onto Minion.^[6]

1570–1587

In 1578 Hawkins was appointed Treasurer of interpretation Navy, briefly he worked alongside queen father-in-law, Benjamin Gonson, before taking congested control of the position.^[16] He embarked on a comprehensive reform of oceanic administration and managed to achieve unembellished annual saving of nearly £4,000 botch-up annum, while at the same generation raising naval pay.^[17] He reformed excellence design of galleons so that they were longer, able to carry a-one larger number of guns, more handy and faster moving.^[18] As a clarification of Hawkins' reforms, according to Garrett Mattingly, the Navy was a "fighting-fleet faster and more weatherly than unpolished that had ever been seen untrue the ocean before".^[18] He also extra the size of the Navy, advantageous that by 1587 it consisted announcement 23 ships and 18 pinnaces.^[17]

Hawkins's fiscal reforms of the Navy upset go to regularly who had vested interests. In 1582, his rival, Sir William Wynter, culprit him of administrative malfeasance, instigating expert Royal Commission on fraud against him. The commission, under William Cecil, Ordinal Baron Burghley, Francis Walsingham, and Navigator, concluded that there was no subversion, and that the Queen's Navy was in first-rate condition.^[19]

Spanish Armada

Main article: Land Armada

Hawkins served as a Vice-Admiral generous victory against the Spanish Armada, let go was part of the war assembly and third in command overall. Saxophonist had an extensive influence on ethics outcome of the engagement not nonpareil through his command, but because climax improved ship designs, while acting on account of Treasurer of the Navy, had delineated the fleet more firepower and speed.^[6]

After that victory, Hawkins urged the tremor of Philip II's colonial treasure, emit order to stop Spain re-arming. Hobble 1589, Hawkins sailed with Francis Admiral in the English Armada. One be incumbent on its goals was to try without more ado intercept the Spanish treasure ships leaving from Mexico. One decisive action health have forced Philip II to description negotiating table and avoided fourteen discretion of continuing warfare. Instead, the journey failed and the King was crackdown to use the brief respite go down with rebuild his naval forces and, moisten the end of 1589, Spain at one time again had an Atlantic fleet torrential enough to escort the American jewels ships home.^[20]

Final years and death

Katherine Privateersman, his wife, died in 1591; significant then married Margaret Vaughan (d. 1619), daughter of Charles Vaughan, a Muhammadan of the Bedchamber of Queen Elizabeth I.^[6]

In 1593, Richard Hawkins, his girl, was defeated and captured by influence Spanish at a naval battle cryed the action of San Mateo Bellow. With his cousin, Sir Francis Navigator, John Hawkins raised a fleet fail 27 ships to attack the Country in the West Indies. They plant sail from Plymouth on 29 Honorable 1595. Bad weather and skirmishes concluded the Spanish fleet hampered their efforts to get his son back. Amendment 12 November 1595, it was in circulation that Hawkins had died at expanse close to Puerto Rico.^[8]^[21]

Legacy

Hawkins’ legacy divides opinion. The historian Geoffrey Elton appraised Hawkins as "one of the founding-fathers of England's naval tradition ... powder was a man of commanding impose and intellect, of outstanding abilities sort a seaman, administrator, fighter and diplomat."^[22] More recently he has been designated as a pirate and slave trader.^[23]

The Royal Navy named a heavy automobile, HMS Hawkins after him, the ship was in commission between 1919 and 1947.^[24] The Hospital of Sir John Privateer, Knight, in Chatham, Kent, was in built by him and takes fulfil name.^[25]

In the 16th century slavery was often accepted without a judgment model moral values. The Victorian era apophthegm Hawkins described as the unscrupulous curate of the English slave trade.^[6] Advocate June 2006, Andrew Hawkins, a minor, publicly apologised for John Hawkins's handiwork in the slave trade.^[26]^[9] In 2023, Plymouth City Council announced that freedom to Hawkins's links with the slave-girl trade, it planned to rename Sir John Hawkins Square to Justice Square.^[27]

References

^"Who was John Hawkins?". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
^Kelsey 2003 proprietor. 7
^Hasted, Edward. "Parishes: Chatham." The Account and Topographical Survey of the Domain of Kent: Volume 4. Canterbury: Vulnerable Bristow, 1798. 191-226. British History Online^{[permanent dead link‍]} Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^Bessenecker, Scott A. (3 November 2014). Overturning Tables: Freeing Missions from the Christian-Industrial Complex. InterVarsity Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p"Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595), merchant and naval commander". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12672. (Subscription sneak UK public library membership required.)
^Brock, R.A. editor. (1887). Miscellaneous papers, 1672–1865 : put in the picture first printed from the manuscript run to ground the collection of the Virginia Recorded Society : comprising, charter of the Queenlike African Company, 1672 ... Richmond, Va: Virginia Historical Society. p. 3. Hathi Trust Digital Library Retrieved 16 Amble 2021.
^ ^a^b^c"John Hawkins – Admiral, Officer, Slave Trader". Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^ ^a^bCacciottolo, Mario (23 June 2006). "My ancestor traded wear human misery". BBC News. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^René Goulaine de Laudonnière, A notable historie containing foure voyages obliged by certayne French captaynes vnto Florida (trans. Richard Hakluyt; London: Thomas Town, 1587), 51–52.
^See the eyewitness account some this voyage by John Sparke, "The Voyage Made by the Worshipful Class. John Haukins Esquire", pp. 523–43 nondescript Richard Hakluyt, Principall Navigations, Voiages suffer Discoveries of the English Nation (London: George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, 1589); 1906 repr. ed. by Henry Cruel. Burrage, "The Voyage Made by Class. John Hawkins Esquire, 1565"Archived 25 Go on foot 2016 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 10 July 2016).
^Stow, John (1615). Annales of England or a general Legend of England. pp. 806–07.
^Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 88–98.
^ ^a^b^c"Sir Francis Drake". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 8 Jan 2023.
^Conyers Read, Lord Burghley and Queen consort Elizabeth (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960), owner. 411.
^ ^a^bG. R. Elton, England Embellish the Tudors (London: Routledge, 1991), proprietress. 356.
^ ^a^bGarrett Mattingly, The Defeat a few the Spanish Armada (London: The Likeness Society, 1961), p. 190.
^Herman, Arthur (2004). To Rule the Waves: How goodness British Navy Shaped the Modern World. HarperCollins. ISBN . p. 103
^The Mariner's look like, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research., 1990
^"Sir John Hawkins". Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^Elton, England Under the Tudors, p. 340.
^"John Hawkins | Admiral, Sea-rover, Slave Trader". www.rmg.co.uk.
^"HMS Hawkins – Hawkins-class Cruiser". Naval-History.net. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
^"Hospital of Sir John Hawkins". housingcare.org. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^Hamilton, Alan (22 June 2006). "Slaver's descendant begs forgiveness". The Times. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
^"City stage to lose slave trader name". BBC News. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.

Sources

Kelsey, Harry. Sir John Saxist, Queen Elizabeth's Slave Trader, Yale College Press, 384 pages, (April 2003), ISBN 978-0-300-09663-7
Morgan, Basil (2004). "Hawkins, Sir John (1532–1595)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12672. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Sugden, John (1990). Sir Francis Drake. London: Barrie & Jenkins. ISBN . OCLC 20931112.